The main colour tone is the #4 and chords containing this can help to emphasise the Lydian quality.
The unique aspect in terms of chords is the major I - major II.
A classic Lydian movement in a chord progressions is from a major tonic to a major a whole tone higher.
Here is another short progression. The chords focus heavily on the tonic chord with visits out to the major II and the minor vii, both of which contain the #4.
The colour tone here is the b7 and the unique chord combination is a major I with a major chord a whole tone below it - the bVII. Many (rock) mixolydian progressions use just three majors - the I, bVII and IV. Note that the minor v also contains the b7 note so is a good choice to highlight that flavour.
The audio track I have created for you to use as a backing track mainly uses the I and the bVII with a small sprinkling of the v chord too.
As with the Ionian progression, there is much scope to make use of many chords in creating a chord progression here. The b3 note - making this a minor mode - is an obvious feature and appears in the tonic plus several other chords and their extensions. Note that many minor chord progressions substitute the v for a V7 to give a more resounding resolution back to the tonic. In doing so, strictly speaking, the music has moved away from Aeolian and into using the harmonic minor scale. As that is beyond the terms of reference here we shall not include its use.
The chord progression I have made as a sample / backing track makes generous use of the i, i7, iv, v, bvi and bvii chords.
Dorian is a minor mode so the b3 is a necessary note to play around with. The unique feature of Dorian, in relation to the other minor modes, is that it has a natural 6, not a b6, so this is where you can extract its unique flavour.
The big deal with Phrygian is the b2 note and the bII chord it gives rise to. This is unique among the six modes we are concentrating on here. This potent flavour note is an essential ingredient though does need using carefully so as not to overpower the overall mix.
The chord progression provided emphasises the tonic chord with forays to the bII and short bursts of the bvii which also contain the b2 note.
Brilliant, clear cut illumination on a topic that seems to cause great confusion - and often controversy - all over the web. A great resource.
While I’m not studying modes specifically as a study area at this stage, I do find myself increasingly doing some adhoc investigation as I come across modal progressions in songs/ exercises, and then maybe play around with them occasionally in my own playing. I see them alot in some southern rock stuff I like etc, and its even a bit of fascinating topic in its own right for me.
A 10 minute read here has introduced some seemingly crucially important concepts for me, and made some others much clearer. Some of this core, essential stuff is just not being mentioned elsewhere, from many modal ‘experts’ on the web. Or when it is, its very poorly explained.
The whole concept of a different functional harmony as opposed to major/ minor; the importance of really understanding and emphasising specific notes/ chords that bring forth the particular modal sound.
These 2 concepts alone have unmuddied the waters considerably for me, if only at more of an intellectual level for now.
Many many thanks for yet another great series. Another important reference resource moving forward.
Love it. Once you understand the key concepts, it’s not scary at all. My ‘modal’ progressions never really sounded as I wanted them to sound. Why? I introduced too many different chords, including the V(7) of the PMS, which is just an open door for the PMS to come through and say hi. Less is more!
There are thousands of backing tracks available for major and minor music. Lydian progressions are seldom used for full songs, they tend to be small passages within larger pieces. No-one really creates Locrian modal music. Well really - who is going to spend time playing a m7b5 and think of it as home?
That leaves Mixolydian, Dorian and Phrygian. No doubt many pro quality backing tracks are available out in internet land. You may find Mixolydian tracks created with a tip of the hat to either southern rock boogie or with an AC/DC no-nonsense rock ‘n’ roll vibe. You may find Dorian tracks in a funky-latin-cool-cats style. Phrygian is perhaps something you will find with an eastern-mystical flavour.
I thought I would cook up some backing tracks in just those three modes. I have written them all out on Guitar Pro with no fancy mixing or anything. Besides, I’m suffering a bad dose of covid and my ears feel like they have several wads of cotton wool stuffed in them so that would be futile just now. If anybody fancies doing a post-production number on them by all means, just let me know.
So here they are, just raw, come and take what you can backing tracks to try some modal improvisation over.
The flat 3rd and the natural 6th scale degrees (the notes Eb and A respectively here) are the notes to target. Notice that Eb sits within the tonic chord (it is the minor 3rd) and A sits within both the Dm7 and the Gmadd9 chords.
The flat 2nd and the flat 3rd scale degrees (the notes Db and Eb respectively here) are the notes to target. Notice that Eb sits within the tonic chord (it is the minor 3rd) and Db sits within all the Db, Bbm, the Gm7b5 and the dyad Bbm (no5) chords. And listen out for that last one - it’s a doozy!
I would just like to say a HUGE THANK YOU to @Richard_close2u for this series. I just this week finally sat down and worked out all the triads in all the modes so that I could pinpoint which ones contained the flavour notes. Then a couple of days later I come here and find this, presented in a much better way than I could, THANK YOU!
The quick takeaway I arrived at after all my working out, is this, and I am now in the process of trying to commit them to memory:
DORIAN CHORDS: i ii IV
PHRYGIAN CHORDS: i bII bvii
LYDIAN CHORDS: I II vii
MIXOLYDIAN CHORDS: I v bVII
Notes, questions, and observations:
I haven’t yet tried adding in any of the diminished chords that contain the flavour note, to my modal chord vamps, but am assuming in Rock, Pop and Folk they are not very common?
Why is the one flavour chord more common than the other? I.e. in a Mixolydian vamp it’s more common to go I bVII than I v, or in a Phrygian vamp it’s more common to go i bII than I bvii etc? Is it because they are closer to the home chord/tonal centre?
You mention, “The colour tones need to be emphasised by selecting chords containing those notes. Making use of extended chords or suspended chords, rather than simple triads, can be a big part of this.” This opens up a WHOLE OTHER WORLD of searching for extended and Sus chords which will also contain the flavour note and bring more variety to your chord progressions while still maintaining that “modal feel”, very, very cool! I think this probably happens a lot in acoustic fingerpicked folk guitar (my main area of interest).
I also hadn’t really considered the chords to avoid, so that’s great info, don’t do the classic dom 7th resolve!
This is an “on holiday, don’t have an instrument with me, can’t just sunbathe “ theory exercise for me. I also hear “major scale” with the modes in series. However as one of my warm up exercises is roots/ 3rds of the major scale played linearly (i.e. on 2 strings going up the fretboard, rather than in one position) the series approach almost works for me - at least in terms of knowing which modes are major and minor. I hadn’t come across the circle of 5ths approach, but I think it may work for me.
Currently I’m (kind of) restricting myself to Dorian and Mixolydian modes (in addition to Major / Ionian and Minor / Aeolian). Mainly on the basis that they are the easiest scales to remember (minor and major respectively, both with a flat 7).
From a practical perspective I try to give myself song references and understand how the chords relate to the modal scales. So a song with chords D G and A at first glance looks like it is in D. But if when you play it, it sounds like A (V of D major) is the key centre, it’s probably in A mixolydian.
My song references for Mixolydian are:
Good Love is on the way (John Mayer) - A Mixolydian
The verses from Crazy little thing called love (Queen) - D Mixolydian (apart from the weird Bb that somehow works)
And possibly a new one for me that I heard playing round the hotel pool yesterday “Don’t you forget about me” (Simple Minds) - verses are in E Mixolydian (I think)
For Dorian my song reference is “So what” by Miles Davis which is Dm7 (D Dorian) and Ebm7 (Eb Dorian) for a lot of the song. Once you know the Dorian scale it is easier to think of it as improvising on 2 Dorian scales a semitone apart.
I’ll give the coloured circle of 5ths a day or so to sink in, then read some more.
Edit 1:
So after a couple of days and another read I’ve got the following:-
The colour wheel helps
Lydian (one of the major modes (I already knew that)) adds a sharp (the 4th) and sounds brighter
The ones with flats (I.e. all except Ionian and Lydian) go anti-clockwise so (as per the colour wheel) are getting “darker”
Mixolydian is major with a flat 7 (I already knew this).
Next on “the dark side” of the colour wheel (I’m not sure the Star Wars reference helps, but something may come to mind😀) is Dorian. A minor 3rd with a flat 7 (so 2 flats). Again I already knew that.
The dark side of the colour wheel keeps adding a flat. So 3 flats for the next one and as we have already used the 3 major modes it has to be a minor one. Applying some previously learned music theory, C minor is the relative minor of Eb (Eb major has 3 flats), so it must be Aeolian.
So that must leave me with Phrygian with 4 flats.
For completeness, I can forget about Locrian (or at least if I can’t, I’m probably playing in the wrong band ).
For the 3 and 4 flat modes (Aeolian and Phrygian respectively) I need a way of remembering what the 3rd and 4th flats are. Maybe noting that the flats come in pairs when written as a scale will help. I can probably quickly remember that the 6th is flat in Aeolian by comparing A major to Am (relative minor of Cmajor) and that 2 of the 3 sharps in Amajor come at the end of the scale. So the Aeolian flattened pair are the 6th and 7th degrees. It’s not much of a jump from there to memorising that the flat pair for Phrygian are the 2nd and 3rd degrees. I won’t be able to do the mental gymnastics quickly enough whilst playing, but this will sink in over time.
Assuming I’ve understood correctly, that is the furthest I have ever got with the modes. The colour wheel really helped, so thanks for that @Richard_close2u .
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