Modes Parts 1 - 9

[Richard_close2u]

What we will now see is basic a simple and repeating process.

Step 1: Start with the C major scale written out to its first octave.

Step 2. Remove the first note, C. The new beginning note is D. It becomes the new root note of a 2nd scale so D is added at the end to complete the octave.

Step 3. Remove the first note, D. E is the new root note so place an E at the end.

Step 4 and beyond. Continue this process until seven scales have been written out.

Maybe you will prefer, and can relate more to, the logic and sequential nature of this scale building process with an overlapping diagram. Here, the notes can more clearly be seen as remaining in their original positions, with their respective intervals maintained and with one extra note (the octave of the new root) added each time.

[Richard_close2u]

As the diagram above shows, this process starts with the major scale then leads through seven scales in total. Each has a unique pattern of steps and scale degrees. Each is a new mode. The first – the major scale itself, is the Ionian mode. The others follow in turn.

• First - Ionian

• Second - Dorian

• Third - Phrygian

• Fourth - Lydian

• Fifth - Mixolydian

• Sixth - Aeolian

• Seventh - Locrian

There we have it.

The seven major scale modes.

It’s just the major scale but starting on a different note.

[Richard_close2u]

Personally, I do not particularly warm to or benefit from this description and the type of demonstration it leads to. I will elaborate.

The ‘Do_Re_Mi’ song, mentioned above, almost follows the ‘start on the next note’ instruction. Almost. The first melodic line (Doe a deer, a female deer) starts on the root note of the major scale. The next melodic line starts on the second note of the major scale. The third melodic line starts, yes you guessed it, on the third note of the major scale. And so on. All the way through all seven notes until we are brought right back to the root (Do).
Each and every melodic line uses only the notes of the major scale but starting on the next note. A bit like many descriptions of how to find the modes – using the major scale but starting on the next note.
We could, perhaps should, hear each melodic line of ‘Do_Re_Mi’ as a succession of modal melodies. But I suggest we do not. I suggest we categorically hear the major scale and only the major scale throughout the song. After all, the song was designed to teach the sound of the major scale. That is its essential purpose within the narrative of The Sound Of Music.
To which I add a further thought about why it does not sound modal. I believe our ears have the major scale sound fully embedded in them from its prevalence in virtually all musical forms. I think that when someone tries to explain modes and plays seven modes in succession, each starting on the next note of a major scale, the majority of people (and I definitely place myself in this group) cannot unhear the major scale and find it impossible to discern the distinct sound qualities of each separate scale. Playing the modes like this simply sounds like a scale study pattern built from the major scale to my ears. Maybe to yours too.

Note: there is another reason Do-Re-Mi will not necessarily sound modal. It is to do with the underlying harmonic movement of the chords and the fact the main melody does not accentuate the ‘colour notes’ of the modes. It never strays from being a major scale melody. But this necessary technical footnote obscures my main point.

[Richard_close2u]

I have created two audio samples to listen to at this point - so we can hear the modes in series and perhaps to perhaps illustrate my point above.

In the first we can hear all seven modal scales that can be built from the C major scale in ascending order. Starting on note 1, then on note 2, then on note 3 etc.

All seven modes of C Major in succession

You are listening to

• C Ionian
• D Dorian
• E Phrygian
• F Lydian
• G Mixolydian
• A Aeolian
• B Locrian

In the second we hear a repeat of the first but with the addition of the diatonic chords played before the scales.

All seven modes of C Major in succession with chords

You are listening to

• C Major chord then C Ionian
• D minor chord then D Dorian
• E minor chord then E Phrygian
• F Major chord then F Lydian
• G major chord then G Mixolydian
• A minor chord then A Aeolian
• B diminished chord then B Locrian

[Richard_close2u]

Listen carefully. Listen more than once perhaps.

Do you hear C Major chord as a tonic chord for the C Ionian mode?

Do you hear D minor chord as a tonic chord for the D Dorian mode?

Do you hear E minor chord as a tonic chord for the E Phrygian mode?

Do you hear F Major chord as a tonic chord for the F Lydian mode?

Do you hear G Major chord as a tonic chord for the G Mixolydian mode?

Do you hear A minor chord as a tonic chord for the A Aeolian mode?

Do you hear B diminished chord as a tonic chord for the B Locrian mode?

I do not.

I hear the successive chords of a harmonised major scale. I hear an etude, a scale study piece made up of chords and ascending patterns of notes from a major scale.

I do not hear any different flavours, any exotic and bewildering modal qualities.

This is likely subjective, but, for me, hearing the modes like this does not help me at all. I wholly understand and admire the logical beauty of their creation. The overlapping, intertwining, one-preceding-another nature of the notes. My mathematical, logical brain can fully grasp that as an abstract concept.

But I am not hearing the musical magic.
I am simply not feeling or grasping the passion and zest that modes are supposed to bring me to enrich my life.

[Richard_close2u]

The order of the modes

The modes are given ordinal names to match their relative position from the parent major scale, to match the scale degree from which they take their start point and root note.
Perhaps there is some special something which can be discovered here that reveals the reasons why so many lessons on modes introduce them in series.
Perhaps.

Once again, for simplicity, using the C major scale.

Against the ordinal for each mode we will see listed any scale degrees they contain that are not natural notes (i.e. flats or sharps).

• 1st = C Ionian containing no sharps or flats

• 2nd = D Dorian containing b3 and b7

• 3rd = E Phrygian containing b2, b3, b6 and b7

• 4th = F Lydian containing #4

• 5th = G Mixolydian containing b7

• 6th = Aeolian containing b3, b6 and b7

• 7th = Locrian containing b2, b3, b5, b6 and b7

Apart from the counting up from the 1st to the 2nd to the 3rd and on, where is the logic in any of that?
Is there any sort of pattern or logic to the number and placement of sharps and flats from the 1st mode through to the 7th mode?
None that is readily apparent at first glance.
Those (mainly) flats and the one sharp seem to be a random and haphazard mix.

There is something familiar and maybe useful. Looking at the 3rd scale degrees of each, the type of mode runs:
Major, minor, minor, Major, Major, minor and weird!
To determine this we simply look to see whether a mode has a b3 or note. If it does not, it must have a natural (major) 3 so is a major type of mode. If it does it must be a minor type of mode. The last, Locrian, has a b3 but much else going on that makes it a little unique and, dare I say, awkward.

Aha! The diatonic chords from a major scale follow the order:
Major, minor, minor, Major, Major, minor, diminished. That certainly seems to match what we have here in the type of modes. Perhaps this is the power, the goodness, the usefulness that people find when presenting and using modes in series. Many people do seem to use the M, m, m, M, M, m, d pattern as a peg to hang the modal types on to and as an aide-mémoire. If it works then all good.

But, for the aural / musical reasons already stated – the missing modal magic - and due to misgivings over those unanswered questions, I am going to move past this view of modes for now. I am going to look at modes from another view, which is modes in parallel. Doing so in hopes that it rounds out the understanding, gives deeper insight and addresses some further uncertainties.

[TheMadman_tobyjenner]

@Richard_close2u

weird!

@Richard_close2u

The last, Locrian, has a b3 but much else going on that makes it a little unique and, dare I say, awkward.

So early on and already dissing Locrian Its not weird or awkward
Its just special, so very special !

I (still) Don’t Play Like MAL !

So good to see this again Richard.

[Eccleshall]

Hi Richard,

I’ve made up a rock based little mnemonic to help nail remembering which is which of the common minor modes.

AC/DC

That’s it.
So, using the notes of C major scale
AC: Tonic of A using the notes of C major is A Aeolian
DC: Tonic of D using the notes of C major is D Dorian

[Richard_close2u]

Modes Part 3 - Modes in Parallel

We began our study with a general Introduction to Modes and continued by looking at Modes in Series.

The adventure continues now with a further perspective on modes.

Parallel modes share the same root note but contain different intervals, hence different sets of notes.
This contrasts with modes in series where all modes have the the exact same seven notes in the exact same sequence but starting from a different note of the sequence.

As we explore and discover, each of the seven modes will be shown with root note C. They will all be shown as a collection of seven notes taken as a cluster from the circle of fifths.

[Richard_close2u]

The Circle of Fifths

This is a basic representation of the circle of fifths. Hopefully you have at least seen this and can follow the logic of note placement by way of knowing a little major scale theory. Each of the twelve notes appears once. The notes do not appear alphabetically. Each immediately clockwise note is the fifth note of its neighbour’s major scale.

For example:

C major scale

G is the 5th note and is immediately clockwise of C on the circle.

G Major scale

D is the 5th note and is immediately clockwise of G on the circle.

D Major scale

A is the 5th note and is immediately clockwise of D on the circle.

This pattern applies no matter what the start note.

[Richard_close2u]

The Circle of Fifths in colour

The circle represents twelve notes, has twelve sectors and can be viewed as a clockface. I am going to steer in a different direction and overlay a 12-sector colour wheel. The circle of fifths now looks like this:

Note that we have moved to single names for the sharps / flats, apart from F# / Gb in the 6 o’ clock position. The reason for that choice and simplification in appearance will hopefully become apparent as we continue.

The colours on the right could conventionally be described as bright or warm. The colours on the left as dark or cool. More on this later.

We are going to discover seven modes using the Circle of Fifths, each having C as its root note. Each mode will comprise of seven adjacent notes together in one unbroken arc around the circle.
To begin, we will find the seven-note cluster that contains only natural notes, no sharps or flats. Hopefully you can identify this cluster, spanning from F at one extreme to B at the other (think 11 o’ clock to 5 o’ clock).

[Richard_close2u]

The C Ionian Mode

We are now looking at seven notes separated from the full circle of fifths, inside of an arc, a ‘modal frame’ if you will.

When those notes are placed in alphabetical order (as scale convention requires) with C as the root note, we have:

This is the Ionian mode. It contains a major 3rd so must be a major type of mode. In fact, so commonly used is it, so ubiquitous, so crucial in the western system of musical theory and practice, it is most often called THE major scale.

The Ionian mode = the major scale. They are one and the same.

This particular example of a major scale - the C major scale - is renowned and often used for musical explanation as it has no sharps or flats. On a keyboard it is just the white notes.

The Major scale / Ionian mode is generally described as having a bright or happy character. What if asked to respond to the colours within that arc – how would you describe this cluster? Warm? Bright?

[Richard_close2u]

The next, and all subsequent modes, are found by rotating the modal frame surrounding the seven-note clusters one place at a time.

From the Ionian mode, let us analyse what happens when the modal frame is nudged to the one place clockwise. Think in terms of notes and colours.

The note F is replaced with the F#. Starting from the ‘bright’ Ionian mode then introducing just this one sharpened note, the sound will be altered.

[Richard_close2u]

The C Lydian Mode

We now have this cluster of notes.

Notice that F has been replaced with F#. We must choose to name that note F# and not Gb in this instance. Scale convention insists we cannot have both a G and a Gb in the same scale, nor can we omit any of the seven letters.

When those notes are placed in alphabetical order with C as the root note, we have:

This is the C Lydian mode. It contains a major 3rd so is also a major type of mode. Notably, it has a #4 scale degree. It is often described as sounding even more bright, lively or fresh in character compared to the already bright Ionian mode.

[Richard_close2u]

Rotating the modal frame

We have found our first two modes. To continue with our mission of finding seven modes in total we must use a method of finding additional seven-note clusters, all containing the designated root note C.
Consider further rotations of the modal frame. Should it be rotated clockwise, even just one place, then the note C would be lost from the extreme left, left behind and not contained within the frame. We would have captured a mode, for sure. But, we cannot make that clockwise rotation here, we cannot do that as part of this particular journey of discovery. The reason is simple and already stated. We are going to look only at parallel modes whose root note is C. This must, by definition, constrain us to viewing only note clusters with C in their groupings. We must rotate in the opposite direction. We therefore reset back to the Ionian mode (our zero, or default setting) and rotate the frame one place anticlockwise from there.

[Richard_close2u]

The C Mixolydian Mode

B has been replaced by Bb due to the rotation.

The new scale is:

In the C major scale, B is the 7th note. Here we have a new scale, similar to the C major scale but with a flat 7. This is C Mixolydian. It, like Lydian and Ionian, is a ‘major type’ of mode as it maintains a major 3rd. Its characteristic sound is formed by the b7. It is sometimes described as a bluesy sounding major scale.

[Richard_close2u]

Let us look again at the full coloured circle of fifths and anticipate the next move, the next anticlockwise rotation.

How will it affect the notes?

How will it affect the colours?

What interval will change?

What will this sound like?

What name will the new mode have?

What will make it different to those we have met so far?

[Richard_close2u]

The C Dorian Mode

The bright yellow E has been replaced by Eb. In the C Major scale, E is the 3rd note. Therefore we now have a new scale, having some overlaps with the previous modes, but, crucially, something new and different happens now.
To understand, let us first write the notes alphabetically.
The new scale is:

This scale is C Dorian. For the first time we no longer have a major 3rd. The 3rd scale degree here is a b3. This means Dorian is the first ‘minor type’ of mode we have encountered so far.

Note the colour of that Eb note, that minor 3rd. Blue.
Is that why they call it the blues?
Is that why sad songs say so much?
That’s enough Elton John references for now!

[Richard_close2u]

The C Aeolian (natural minor) Mode

We keep on pushing. Another anticlockwise rotation leads to:

A has been replaced by Ab

The new scale is:

This scale is C Aeolian. As with Dorian, this is a ‘minor type’ of mode due to the minor 3rd of Eb. In fact, when it comes to making music with a ‘minor type’, this, like its counterpart in major types (the Ionian) is so widely used that it is most frequently called THE minor scale. Or the natural minor scale. It is also frequently referred to as the relative minor of a major scale.

[Richard_close2u]

The C Phrygian Mode

Another anticlockwise rotation leads to:

D has been replaced by Db.

The new scale is:

This scale is C Phrygian. As with the two previous modes, this is a ‘minor type’ of mode due to it containing a minor 3rd.

Four of the original seven notes of the C Ionian (our zero, our default cluster) have now been replaced. The warm, bright colours from the right side of the colour wheel have been steadily replaced by cool, dark blue-tinged colours. Phrygian is given descriptions such as ‘dark’ when discussing its sound.